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Two Way Crossover Closed Loop Study Insulin vs Insulin and Pramlintide
A Crossover Study to Evaluate Insulin/Pramlintide Versus Insulin Alone Delivery Strategy
Lead sponsor
Asset
Pramlintide
Intravenous · Amylin analog
Listed sites
1
Recruiting sites
—
Enrollment
33
actual
Study population
Type 1 diabetes
Key I/E criterion
•HbA1c ≤10.5%
Primary endpoints
•Incremental Area Under the Curve of Postprandial Glucose Following the First•Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose Between 70 - 180 mg/dl Following First Meal•Postprandial glucose
Footprint
Where this trial recruits
Site locations as reported to ClinicalTrials.gov. Site count is not enrollment count; per-site enrollment is not available from source.
Identifiers
Registered as
Timeline
Milestones
Assets
Investigational agents
Study populations
Who this study enrolls
Eligibility
Who can enroll
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Endpoints (96)
What's being measured
Protocol endpoints and posted registry outcome measures, grouped into outcome categories. Composite endpoints show their component event types. Standard codes (LOINC, SNOMED CT) are shown where available.
Coverage by outcome category
Glycemic / diabetes
69 endpointsIncremental Area Under the Curve of Postprandial Glucose Following the First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), (mg/dl*min)/1000 | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 18.1 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 20.9 | — |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose Between 70 - 180 mg/dl Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), Percent time in range | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 50.5 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 44.3 | — |
Incremental Area Under the Curve of Postprandial Glucose Following the First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
Postprandial glucose
descriptive, improvement
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose Between 70 - 180 mg/dl Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
CGM time-in-range
descriptive, improvement
Incremental Area Under the Curve of Postprandial Glucose Following the Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), (mg/dl*min)/1000 | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 11.0 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 23.4 | — |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose Between 70 - 180 mg/dl Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), Percent time in range | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 74.4 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 49.3 | — |
Net Area Under the Curve of Postprandial Glucose Following the First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), (mg/dL*min)/1000 | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 14.9 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 15.0 | — |
Net Area Under the Curve of Postprandial Glucose Following the Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), (mg/dl *min)/1000 | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 6.4 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 22.2 | — |
Net Area Under the Curve of Postprandial Glucose
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), (mg/dL*min)/1000 | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 6.6 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 22.2 | — |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose <70 mg/dL Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (count_of_participants), Participants | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 5 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 6 | — |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose <70 mg/dL Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (count_of_participants), Participants | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 10 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 6 | — |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose <70 mg/dL
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (count_of_participants), Participants | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 14 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 11 | — |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose Between 70-140 mg/dL Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (median), Percent time in range (mg/dl) | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 29 | 8 – 46 |
| Insulin Only Arm | 21 | 7 – 39 |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose Between 70-140 mg/dL Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (median), Percent time in range (mg/dl) | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 48 | 32 – 68 |
| Insulin Only Arm | 21 | 10 – 38 |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose Between 70-140 mg/dL
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (median), Percent time in range (mg/dl) | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 39 | 24 – 58 |
| Insulin Only Arm | 23 | 15 – 35 |
Mean Sensed Glucose Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), mg/dL | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 184 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 204 | — |
Mean Sensed Glucose Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), mg/dL | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 148 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 183 | — |
Mean Sensed Glucose
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), mg/dL | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 166 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 194 | — |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose <54 mg/dL Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (count_of_participants), Participants | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 1 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 1 | — |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose <54 mg/dL Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (count_of_participants), Participants | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 3 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 2 | — |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose <54 mg/dL
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (count_of_participants), Participants | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 4 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 3 | — |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose >180 mg/dL Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), Percent time in range | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 48 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 55 | — |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose >180 mg/dL Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), Percent time in range | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 23 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 49 | — |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose >180 mg/dL
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), percent of time | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 36 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 52 | — |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose >250 mg/dL Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (median), Percent time in range | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 7 | 0 – 38 |
| Insulin Only Arm | 33 | 12 – 51 |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose >250 mg/dL Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (median), Percent time in range | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 0 | 0 – 0 |
| Insulin Only Arm | 6 | 0 – 26 |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose >250 mg/dL
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (median), Percent time in range | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 4 | 0 – 19 |
| Insulin Only Arm | 23 | 15 – 31 |
Median Amount of Insulin Delivered Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (median), Units | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 11.1 | 7.9 – 16.4 |
| Insulin Only Arm | 11.1 | 7.9 – 15.7 |
Median Amount of Insulin Delivered Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (median), Units | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 9.1 | 6.9 – 13.3 |
| Insulin Only Arm | 11.8 | 7.9 – 14.9 |
Median Amount of Insulin Delivered
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (median), Units | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 20.1 | 16.6 – 25.7 |
| Insulin Only Arm | 22.4 | 16.1 – 36.2 |
Median Amount of Pramlintide Delivered Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (median), mcg | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 65.4 | 46.7 – 96.0 |
Median Amount of Pramlintide Delivered Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (median), mcg | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 51.8 | 41.0 – 78.4 |
Median Amount of Pramlintide Delivered
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (median), mcg | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 117.2 | 97.3 – 149.1 |
Low Blood Glucose Index (LBGI) Following the First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (count_of_participants), Participants | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 28 | — |
| 2 | — | |
| 1 | — | |
| Insulin Only Arm | 28 | — |
| 3 | — | |
| 0 | — |
Low Blood Glucose Index (LBGI) Following the Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (count_of_participants), Participants | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 24 | — |
| 5 | — | |
| 1 | — | |
| Insulin Only Arm | 27 | — |
| 3 | — | |
| 1 | — |
Low Blood Glucose Index (LBGI)
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (count_of_participants), Participants | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 28 | — |
| 2 | — | |
| 1 | — | |
| Insulin Only Arm | 29 | — |
| 1 | — | |
| 1 | — |
High Blood Glucose Index (HBGI) Following the First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (count_of_participants), Participants | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 7 | — |
| 10 | — | |
| 14 | — | |
| Insulin Only Arm | 4 | — |
| 4 | — | |
| 23 | — |
High Blood Glucose Index (HBGI) Following the Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (count_of_participants), Participants | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 20 | — |
| 6 | — | |
| 4 | — | |
| Insulin Only Arm | 4 | — |
| 11 | — | |
| 16 | — |
High Blood Glucose Index (HBGI)
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (count_of_participants), Participants | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 10 | — |
| 10 | — | |
| 11 | — | |
| Insulin Only Arm | 3 | — |
| 2 | — | |
| 26 | — |
Adverse Events Related to Pramlintide
Time frame:4 days of pramlintide use
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (number), Number of events | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 16 | — |
Number of Provider-administered Insulin Injections
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
event count, event
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), count of injections | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 0 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 0 | — |
Incremental Area Under the Curve of Postprandial Glucose Following the Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
Postprandial glucose
descriptive, improvement
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose Between 70 - 180 mg/dl Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
CGM time-in-range
threshold achievement, improvement
Net Area Under the Curve of Postprandial Glucose Following the First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
Postprandial glucose
descriptive, improvement
Net Area Under the Curve of Postprandial Glucose Following the Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
Postprandial glucose
descriptive, improvement
Net Area Under the Curve of Postprandial Glucose
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
Postprandial glucose
descriptive, improvement
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose Between 70-140 mg/dL Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
CGM time-in-range
descriptive, improvement
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose Between 70-140 mg/dL Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
CGM time-in-range
descriptive, improvement
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose Between 70-140 mg/dL
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
CGM time-in-range
descriptive, improvement
Mean Sensed Glucose Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
Postprandial glucose
descriptive
Mean Sensed Glucose Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
Postprandial glucose
descriptive, improvement
Mean Sensed Glucose
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose >180 mg/dL Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
CGM time-above-range
threshold achievement, improvement
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose >180 mg/dL Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
CGM time-above-range
descriptive, improvement
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose >180 mg/dL
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
CGM time-above-range
descriptive, improvement
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose >250 mg/dL Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
CGM time-above-range
threshold achievement, improvement
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose >250 mg/dL Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
CGM time-above-range
threshold achievement, improvement
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose >250 mg/dL
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
CGM time-above-range
threshold achievement, improvement
Median Amount of Insulin Delivered Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the first meal
descriptive
Median Amount of Insulin Delivered Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the second meal
descriptive
Median Amount of Insulin Delivered
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Coefficient of Variation Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the first meal
descriptive
Coefficient of Variation Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the second meal
descriptive
Coefficient of Variation
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
ratio, improvement
Low Blood Glucose Index (LBGI) Following the First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the first meal
descriptive, improvement
Low Blood Glucose Index (LBGI)
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive, improvement
High Blood Glucose Index (HBGI) Following the First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the first meal
descriptive, improvement
High Blood Glucose Index (HBGI) Following the Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the second meal
descriptive, improvement
High Blood Glucose Index (HBGI)
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive, improvement
Safety / tolerability / PK
24 endpointsBaxter Retching Faces (BARF) Visual Analog Scale for Gastrointestinal Issues After the First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (median), score on the scale | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 0.0 | 0.0 – 7.2 |
| Insulin Only Arm | 0.0 | 0 – 1.0 |
Baxter Retching Faces (BARF) Visual Analog Scale for Gastrointestinal Issues After the Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (median), score on the scale | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 0.0 | 0.0 – 8.2 |
| Insulin Only Arm | 0.0 | 0.0 – 3.0 |
Mean Duration of Gastrointestinal Issues After the First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
ratio, event
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), Minutes | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 45 | 0 – 360 |
| Insulin Only Arm | 1 | 0 – 30 |
Mean Duration of Gastrointestinal Issues After the Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
ratio, event
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), Minutes | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 41 | 0 – 360 |
| Insulin Only Arm | 4 | 0 – 120 |
Episodes of Hypoglycemia
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
event count, event
Posted result
| Group | Value (count_of_participants), Participants | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 19 | — |
| 12 | — | |
| 0 | — | |
| 0 | — | |
| Insulin Only Arm | 21 | — |
| 7 | — | |
| 2 | — | |
| 1 | — |
Episodes of Carbohydrate Intake to Treat Hypoglycemia
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
event count, event
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), number of events | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 0.7 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 0.5 | — |
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose <70 mg/dL Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
CGM time-below-range
threshold achievement, event
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose <70 mg/dL Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
CGM time-below-range
threshold achievement, event
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose <70 mg/dL
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
CGM time-below-range
threshold achievement, event
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose <54 mg/dL Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
CGM time-below-range
threshold achievement, event
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose <54 mg/dL Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
Documented hypoglycemia
threshold achievement, event
Percent of Time With Sensed Glucose <54 mg/dL
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
Documented hypoglycemia
threshold achievement, event
Median Amount of Pramlintide Delivered Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the first meal
descriptive
Median Amount of Pramlintide Delivered Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the second meal
descriptive
Median Amount of Pramlintide Delivered
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Low Blood Glucose Index (LBGI) Following the Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the second meal
descriptive
Adverse Events Related to Pramlintide
Time frame:4 days of pramlintide use
Treatment-emergent AEs (any)
event count, event
Baxter Retching Faces (BARF) Visual Analog Scale for Gastrointestinal Issues After the First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
descriptive
Baxter Retching Faces (BARF) Visual Analog Scale for Gastrointestinal Issues After the Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
descriptive
Mean Duration of Gastrointestinal Issues After the First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following first meal
Nausea
descriptive
Mean Duration of Gastrointestinal Issues After the Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following second meal
Nausea
descriptive
Episodes of Hypoglycemia
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
Documented hypoglycemia
event count, event
Episodes of Carbohydrate Intake to Treat Hypoglycemia
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
event count, event
Number of Provider-administered Insulin Injections
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
event count, event
Other (unclassified)
3 endpointsCoefficient of Variation Following First Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the first meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), Unitless | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 24.8 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 33.0 | — |
Coefficient of Variation Following Second Meal
Time frame:6 hours following the second meal
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), Unitless | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 23.2 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 26.6 | — |
Coefficient of Variation
Time frame:12 hour clinic visit
descriptive
Posted result
| Group | Value (mean), Unitless | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and Pramlintide Arm | 28.7 | — |
| Insulin Only Arm | 33.8 | — |
Provenance
Sources
Trial facts come from public ClinicalTrials.gov records. Endpoint categories are Delfa's classification of those records, not a ClinicalTrials.gov field. All figures reflect the July 1, 2026 snapshot.