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Early GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and SGLT2 Inhibitor Add-On Strategies in Adults With Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stage 2-3, and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Early GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and SGLT2 Inhibitor Add-On Strategies in Adults With Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stage 2-3, and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Target Trial Emulation
Lead sponsor
Asset
GLP-1 / incretin class catch-all
Listed sites
1
Recruiting sites
—
Enrollment
118,805
estimated
Study population
MASH / NAFLD / liver fibrosis, Metabolic syndrome, Obesity / overweight, Type 2 diabetes
Key I/E criterion
•BMI ≥27
Primary endpoint
•All-cause death
Footprint
Where this trial recruits
Site locations as reported to ClinicalTrials.gov. Site count is not enrollment count; per-site enrollment is not available from source.
Identifiers
Registered as
Timeline
Milestones
Assets
Investigational agents
Study populations
Who this study enrolls
Eligibility
Who can enroll
Study population text
Adults will be selected from the TriNetX US Collaborative Network, a distributed database of de-identified electronic health records contributed by participating healthcare organizations across multiple clinical systems and practice settings. The study population consists of adults with obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stage 2-3, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease who received routine clinical care in this network and were identified through diagnosis records, body mass index data, laboratory data, and medication prescribing data. Comparator-specific cohorts were defined within this source population to evaluate early GLP-1 receptor agonist- and SGLT2 inhibitor-based treatment strategies.
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Endpoints (4)
What's being measured
Protocol endpoints and posted registry outcome measures, grouped into outcome categories. Composite endpoints show their component event types. Standard codes (LOINC, SNOMED CT) are shown where available.
Coverage by outcome category
Cardiovascular outcomes
2 endpointsAll-cause mortality
Time frame:From 90 days after treatment initiation through up to 60 months of follow-up
All-cause death
time to event, event
SNOMED 419620001
Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events
Time frame:From 90 days after treatment initiation through up to 60 months of follow-up
Expanded / custom MACE composite
time to event, event
MASH / liver
1 endpointMajor Adverse Liver Outcomes
Time frame:From 90 days after treatment initiation through up to 60 months of follow-up
time to event, event
Renal / kidney
1 endpointMajor Adverse Kidney Events
Time frame:From 90 days after treatment initiation through up to 60 months of follow-up
Custom renal composite
composite event, event
Publications (34)
Bibliography
Records linked to this trial through ClinicalTrials.gov references, PubMed NCT search, and curated study seeds. 'Canonical' marks design/result papers; others are registry references or candidates.
Registry references + supporting bibliography
- The New England journal of medicine2025 Jun 5PMID40305708doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2413258via CT.gov background
- The New England journal of medicine2024 Jul 25PMID38856224doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2401943via CT.gov background
- The New England journal of medicine2024 Jul 11PMID38785209doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2403347via CT.gov background
- The New England journal of medicine2023 Dec 14PMID37952131doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2307563via CT.gov background
- Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)2023 Dec 1PMID37363821doi:10.1097/HEP.0000000000000520via CT.gov background
- Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)2023 May 1PMID36727674doi:10.1097/HEP.0000000000000323via CT.gov background
- The New England journal of medicine2023 Jan 12PMID36331190doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2204233via CT.gov background
- The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology2021 Oct (month)PMID34425083doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00203-5via CT.gov background
- The New England journal of medicine2021 Mar 25PMID33185364doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028395via CT.gov background
- The New England journal of medicine2020 Oct 8PMID32970396doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2024816via CT.gov background
- The New England journal of medicine2019 Nov 21PMID31535829doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1911303via CT.gov background
- Journal of hepatology2019 Oct (month)PMID31279902doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.06.021via CT.gov background
- The New England journal of medicine2019 Jun 13PMID30990260doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1811744via CT.gov background
- JCO clinical cancer informatics2018 Dec (month)PMID30652541doi:10.1200/CCI.17.00067via CT.gov background
- Diabetes, obesity & metabolism2017 Oct (month)PMID28432726doi:10.1111/dom.12982via CT.gov background
- The New England journal of medicine2016 Nov 10PMID27633186doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1607141via CT.gov background
- The New England journal of medicine2016 Jul 28PMID27295427doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603827via CT.gov background
- The New England journal of medicine2015 Nov 26PMID26378978doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1504720via CT.gov background
- Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes2011 May (month)PMID21586725doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.957951via CT.gov background
- Multivariate behavioral research2011 May (month)PMID21818162doi:10.1080/00273171.2011.568786via CT.gov background
- Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2010 May (month)PMID20335814doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181d61eebvia CT.gov background
Provenance
Sources
Trial facts come from public ClinicalTrials.gov records. Endpoint categories are Delfa's classification of those records, not a ClinicalTrials.gov field. All figures reflect the July 1, 2026 snapshot.