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CompletedPhase 4

SAFEGUARD: Pleiotropic Effects of Incretin Based Therapies

A Phase IV, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Trial to Assess the Effect of 12-week Treatment With the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1RA) Liraglutide or Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor (DPP-4i) Sitagliptin on the Cardiovascular, Renal and Gastrointestinal System in Insulin-naïve Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM).

Assets

Exenatide / GLP-1 / incretin class catch-all / Liraglutide

Listed sites

1

Recruiting sites

Enrollment

70

actual

Study population

Healthy volunteers, Obesity / overweight, Type 2 diabetes

Key I/E criteria

BMI 25-40HbA1c 6.5-9%

Primary endpoints

Changes from baseline following infusion of GLP-1RA (acute effects)EGFR, changeChanges from baseline following 12-week treatment

Footprint

Where this trial recruits

Site locations as reported to ClinicalTrials.gov. Site count is not enrollment count; per-site enrollment is not available from source.

Identifiers

Registered as

NCT IDNCT01744236
Org study IDDC2012SAFE001
Secondary ID2012-003256-36
Secondary IDU1111-1130-8248WHO Universal Trial Number

Timeline

Milestones

Study first posted2012-12-06estimated
Last update posted2015-12-09estimated
Study start2013-04 (month precision)
Primary completion2015-08actual (month precision)
Study completion2015-08actual (month precision)

Assets

Investigational agents

Study populations

Who this study enrolls

Healthy volunteersObesity / overweightType 2 diabetes

Eligibility

Who can enroll

Minimum age35 Years
Maximum age75 Years
SexAll
Healthy volunteersAccepted

Inclusion criteria

Age between 35 and 75 years.
Females must be post-menopausal (no menses >1 year).
Type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 6.5-9% DCCT or 48-75 mmol/mol IFCC), who are being treated with a stable dose of oral antihyperglycemic agents (either metformin alone, SU alone or a combination of metformin and SU) for at least 3 months prior to inclusion.
BMI 25 - 40 kg/m2
Caucasian
Signed informed consent

Exclusion criteria

GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2
Current / chronic use of the following medication: thiazolidinediones, GLP-1RA, DPP-4i, glucocorticoids, NSAIDs, insulin, antimicrobial agents, chemotherapeutics or immune suppressants. Subjects on diuretics will only be excluded when these drugs (e.g. hydrochlorothiazide) cannot be stopped for the duration of the study.
History of or actual pancreatic disease or impaired pancreatic exocrine function
Active liver disease
History of or actual malignancy (with the exception of basal cell carcinoma)
Current urinary tract infection and active nephritis
Recent (<6 months) history of cardiovascular disease, including acute coronary syndrome, stroke, transient ischemic neurologic disorder or chronic heart failure (New York Heart Association grade II-IV)
Current atrial fibrillation
Chronic infectious or auto-immune disease
Substance and/or alcohol abuse
History of allergy/hypersensitivity to any of the test agents
Complaints compatible with or established gastroparesis and/or neurogenic bladder
Any condition that has been recognized as a contra-indication for the use of GLP-1RA and DPP-4i, as listed in the respective SPCs
History of or actual (severe) mental illness
Inability to understand the study protocol and/or inability to give informed consent
History of claustrophobia or presence of metal objects/implants (because of MRI protocol)

For the preceding Pilot study, we will include:

Males
Age between 18 and 50 years
BMI 25 - 40 kg/m2
Caucasian

The exclusion criteria for the preceding pilot study are similar to the exclusion criteria of the main study, with the additions of:

Subjects with a fasting plasma glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L, a 2-hour glucose of ≥7.8 mmol/L after a 75-grams oral glucose tolerance test, or a HbA1c of ≥6.5%
Subjects using any kind of medication

Endpoints (6)

What's being measured

Protocol endpoints and posted registry outcome measures, grouped into outcome categories. Composite endpoints show their component event types. Standard codes (LOINC, SNOMED CT) are shown where available.

Coverage by outcome category

Renal / kidney
2
Other (unclassified)
2
Cardiometabolic biomarkers
1
Other clinical outcomes
1

Renal / kidney

2 endpoints
Primary/protocol endpoint

Changes from baseline following infusion of GLP-1RA (acute effects) and the changes from baseline following 12-week treatment with GLP-1RA or DPP-4i (long-term effects) on Glomerular Filtration Rate, measured by the inulin-clearance technique.

Time frame:12 weeks

eGFR, change

change from baseline, improvement

Secondary/protocol endpoint/low confidence

Changes from baseline following infusion of GLP-1RA (acute effects) and the changes from baseline following 12-week treatment with GLP-1RA or DPP-4i (long-term effects) on the following renal parameters:

Time frame:12 weeks

change from baseline, improvement

Cardiometabolic biomarkers

1 endpoint
Primary/protocol endpoint

Changes from baseline following infusion of GLP-1RA (acute effects) and the changes from baseline following 12-week treatment with GLP-1RA or DPP-4i (long-term effects) on resting heart rate variability, as derived from electrocardiographic measurements.

Time frame:12 weeks

change from baseline, improvement

Other clinical outcomes

1 endpoint
Secondary/protocol endpoint/low confidence

Changes from baseline following infusion of GLP-1RA (acute effects*) and changes from baseline following 12-week treatment with GLP-1RA or DPP-4i (long-term effects) on the following gastrointestinal parameters:

Time frame:12 weeks

change from baseline, improvement

Other (unclassified)

2 endpoints
Primary/protocol endpoint/low confidence

Changes from baseline following 12-week treatment with GLP-1RA or DPP-4i (long-term effects) on pancreatic exocrine function, measured as fecal Elastase-1.

Time frame:12 weeks

change from baseline, improvement

Secondary/protocol endpoint/low confidence

Changes from baseline following infusion of GLP-1RA (acute effects) and the changes from baseline following 12-week treatment with GLP-1RA or DPP-4i (long-term effects) on the following cardiovascular parameters:

Time frame:12 weeks

change from baseline, improvement

Publications (6)

Bibliography

Records linked to this trial through ClinicalTrials.gov references, PubMed NCT search, and curated study seeds. 'Canonical' marks design/result papers; others are registry references or candidates.

Registry references + supporting bibliography

Provenance

Sources

Trial identity, design, statusClinicalTrials.gov API v2
Snapshot dateJuly 1, 2026
Endpoint classificationDelfa endpoint taxonomy v2 (May 13, 2026)
Results tableno registry results posted yet

Trial facts come from public ClinicalTrials.gov records. Endpoint categories are Delfa's classification of those records, not a ClinicalTrials.gov field. All figures reflect the July 1, 2026 snapshot.